Design and Implementation of a PID-Controlled CC-CV Fast Charger for LiFePO₄ Batteries in Light Electric Vehicles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2026.3.7444Keywords:
CC-CV method, fast charging, LiFePO4 battery, light electric vehicle, PID ControlAbstract
The widespread adoption of light electric vehicles (LEVs) is constrained by excessively long battery charging times, which reduce user convenience and practicality. This paper presents the design, implementation, and experimental validation of a PID-controlled constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) fast-charging system tailored for a 12V, 6Ah lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery, a typical energy storage unit in LEVs. The system integrates a buck converter for power regulation, an Arduino Uno microcontroller executing a parallel PID algorithm, and real-time feedback from voltage and current sensors. Charging tests were conducted from 90% depth of discharge (12V) using three protocols: conventional constant voltage (CV), CC-CV at 0.5C (3A), and CC-CV at 1C (6A). The PID-controlled CC-CV method drastically reduced charging time, achieving full charge in 2 hours and 1 minute at 0.5C (78.8% reduction) and 1h7min at 1C (88.2% reduction) compared to 9h 33min for CV charging. The dynamic behavior during the constant-voltage phase was further analyzed via closed-loop transfer function modeling. Using a first-order plus dead time (FOPTD) plant identified from step response data (τ = 39 s, L = 9 s) and PID parameters (Kp = 0.3, Ki = 0.02, Kd = 0.05), the step response exhibits a rise time of 43.7 s, settling time of 151.3 s, and overshoot of 14.7%. Closed-loop poles at −0.2078 and −0.0142±j0.0342 confirm stability and predict a lightly damped oscillatory mode consistent with experimental observations. The consistency between experimental and simulated responses validates the modeling approach and controller tuning. This research provides a validated framework for low-cost, embedded fast-charging solutions, contributing to the acceleration of LEV adoption and sustainable urban mobility.
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